Guide to EPA and DHA in Huel

We need fats in our diet to survive, but how much is an area of debate and how much of which types of fat is an even bigger debate. There’s a lot of evidence that the inclusion of oily fish - or even fish oil supplements - will have beneficial effects in respect of disease prevention. But how true is this and do we need fish oils in our diet?

Essential Fats

There are two completely essential fatty acids (EFAs) that humans require from food: linoleic acid (LA – an omega-6 fatty acid) and alpha-linolenic acid (ALA – an omega-3). Although not essential, there are four other fatty acids that may be beneficial by reducing the requirement for LA and ALA: arachidonic acid (AA), gamma-linolenic acid (GLNA), eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA). If you’re not including much of these four in your diet, then you’ll need to compensate by consuming more LA and ALA.

EPA and DHA are the ones we’re going to focus on in this discussion. These are both, like ALA, omega-3 fatty acids and both can only be obtained from oily fish, marine algae or supplements based on either of the aforementioned. EPA and DHA are not essential in our diet as they can be synthesised by enzymes from ALA.

Why we need EPA and DHA

The amounts of EPA and DHA in the blood are reflective of both biological processes and dietary intake^[1] and insufficient levels of them in our blood has been shown, through numerous studies, to give an increased risk of cardiovascular disease^[2] through increased platelet aggregation, i.e. increased risk of excessive clotting^[3]. Having a sufficient level of DHA in the blood can also reduce serum triglycerides which is another risk factor for cardiovascular disease^[3]. Insufficient levels of DHA have also been linked to having negative neurological effects^[4]. Indeed, many conditions where there are an inflammatory process involved in the aetiology, links with inadequate levels of EPA and DHA have been demonstrated^[2]. It is important to note though, that a number of the studies have been done on fish oil intake rather than specifically EPA and DHA intakes, and the actual amounts of these two fatty acids in fish oils can vary.

Conversion Rates

Although ALA is considered the only essential omega-3 fatty acid because it cannot be synthesised by humans, evidence that human conversion of ALA to EPA and, particularly more so, DHA is relatively inefficient. Thus EPA and DHA may be considered conditionally essential nutrients and should dietary intake of both be poor, you can only be assured of sufficient blood levels of either if there is a sufficient ALA intake. In short: if you’re not consuming EPA and DHA, then you need to have a considerably higher ALA intake.

As it’s hard to get 100% reliable conversion rates and there is conflicting information, we need to be really conservative and look at the most unfavourable scenarios to assure regular consumers of Huel. Therefore, let’s say there’s as little as a 6% conversion to EPA and 2% to DHA. Based on 14g of ALA per 2,000 kcal, the conversion of ALA would yield 840mg of EPA and 280mg of DHA; a total of 1,120mg.

Factors that affect the conversion of ALA to EPA and DHA include:

• Gender (discussed below)
• Age - with age, conversion rates are less
• High saturated fat intake lowers the conversion rate
• High intakes of Omega-6 polyunsaturates relative to omega-3s lower the conversion rate
• Low intakes of EPA and DHA increase the conversion rate
• A deficiency of the enzyme co-factors, in particular niacin, vitamin B6, vitamin C, zinc and magnesium
• Trans-fatty acids destroy the conversion enzymes and tissues have to manufacture new ones to replace those damaged
• Excess insulin in the bloodstream diminishes enzyme function
• Alcohol intake diminishes enzyme function
• Genetic factors

Although there are mixed reviews on the level of conversion, it’s well accepted that there is a notably higher conversion in women than in men. This appears to be related to the effects of the hormone oestrogen which may potentiate conversion rates^{[7, 8]}. This is one reason that may explain why women have a lower heart disease risk than men. Two studies with the same lead author and published at the same time looked at conversion rates in men and women. One looked at ALA metabolism in males and indicated that approximately 8% of dietary ALA is converted to EPA and 4% is converted to DHA^[9]. Another looked at women: approximately 21% of dietary ALA is converted to EPA and 9% is converted to DHA^[10].

Diets with a saturated fat intake have been shown to have lower conversion rates^{[5, 6]}; it’s not clear why this is as there are different enzymes involved in the metabolism of saturated fats and omega-3s. Diets high in omega-6 fats have also been shown to have lower conversion rates^{[5, 6]}. This is much easier to explain: LA, the other completely essential fatty acid, competes with ALA for the same enzymes in its conversion to the conditionally essential fatty acid AA^{[5, 6, 11]}. Therefore a diet rich in omega-6 fatty acids, increases the demand for ALA in the absence of EPA and DHA, and therefore the ratio of omega-3:omega-6 fat intake is also important^[12].

It’s also been indicated that the less EPA and DHA you consume, the higher the conversion will be as the demand is higher^[11-14].

In the absence of any dietary EPA and DHA, the crucial question is how much dietary ALA do our tissues convert into EPA and DHA?

Some papers have cited that human conversion of ALA into EPA ranges from 8% to 20% and conversion of ALA to DHA ranges from 1% to 9%^[11]. One study indicated that ALA conversion is about 6% for EPA and 3.8% for DHA^[15]. Another report stated 5-10% and 2-5% respectively^[16]. The factors mentioned above are the reason for these huge variations of rates.

As Huel doesn't contain any EPA and DHA, we've ensured it contains sufficient ALA for there to be adequate conversion to EPA and DHA.

Here’s how we justify this statement using Huel Powder v3.0 as an example...

The total amount of omega-3s in Huel Powder v3.0 is 18g based on a 2,000kcal intake. The ALA present in Huel comes from the natural ingredients and is the predominant omega-3 fatty acid in flaxseed providing over 14g of ALA per 2,000kcal Huel Powder, i.e. a majority of the omega-3 content. Therefore, Huel Powder v3.0 is a very high source of ALA and provides more than the majority of people’s intakes.

Huel Products do contain a reasonable amount of saturated fat, but this is mostly in the form of medium chain triglycerides (MCTs) from the coconut oil. The evidence that saturated fat restricts conversion of ALA to EPA and DHA is based on intakes of diets high in long chain triglycerides (LCTs) and, seeing that MCTs are metabolised more efficiently than LCTs, their effects are likely to be very different. Huel Products are also rich in essential omega-6 polyunsaturates, which, as discussed above, can limit ALA conversion to EPA and DHA. However, the amount of omega-6s actually ingested are at levels a lot lower than the normal Western diet to which the studies cited above have been based on. The optimal ratio of omega-6:omega-3 is around 1-2:1, and Western diets have been shown to be as high as 6-20:1^[5]. Huel Powder (regular and Black Edition) have a omega-6:omega-3 ratio of over 1:1 and Huel Ready-to-drink is 2:1, which are well within the optimal range.

Guidelines vary and suggest that intakes of 500mg to 1,250mg combined DHA and EPA per day are sufficient^{[15, 16]}, so conversion rate requirements are easily met based on a 2,000 kcal daily intake of Huel Products.

These figures are looking at ‘worst case scenario’ and demonstrate that the amount of ALA Huel Products provide is more than sufficient to convert to adequate amounts of EPA and DHA to maintain optimal health. In practice conversion rates are likely to be higher as Huel’s nutritional profile is far from indicative of a typical modern Western diet. This conservative level also ignores the favourable saturated fat and omega-6 profiles of Huel Products, that there’s adequate niacin, vitamin B6, vitamin C, zinc and magnesium to act as enzyme cofactors and that Huel Products contain no trans-fat. Moreover, as there’s no EPA and DHA in Huel Products, the conversion will be at an increased rate. As you can see, there are numerous factors that potentially increase the conversion rates of ALA to EPA and DHA in Huel Powder v3.0 to a level notably higher than the already adequate conservative figure of 1,120mg.

Of course, this claim is based on an intake of 2,000kcal of Huel Powder v3.0 and individuals who are consuming a daily amount of Huel Product which is considerably lower than this will need to ensure they are consuming either foods or supplements containing EPA and DHA or ALA at a reasonably high intake.

References

1. Davidson MH. Omega-3 fatty acids: new insights into the pharmacology and biology of docosahexaenoic acid, docosapentaenoic acid, and eicosapentaenoic acid. Curr Opin Lipidol. 2013; 24(6):467-74.
2. Yannios T. The heart disease breakthrough. New York: Wiley; 1999.
3. Jump DB, et al. Omega-3 fatty acid supplementation and cardiovascular disease. J Lipid Res. 2012; 53(12):2525-45.
4. Horrocks LA, et al. Health benefits of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA). Pharmacol Res. 1999; 40(3):211-25.
5. Simopoulos AP. The importance of the ratio of omega-6/omega-3 essential fatty acids. Biomed Pharmacother. 2002; 56(8):365-79.
6. Simopoulos AP. Evolutionary aspects of diet, the omega-6/omega-3 ratio and genetic variation: nutritional implications for chronic diseases. Biomed Pharmacother. 2006; 60(9):502-7.
7. Burdge G. Alpha-linolenic acid metabolism in men and women: nutritional and biological implications. Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care. 2004; 7(2):137-44.
8. Giltay EJ, et al. Docosahexaenoic acid concentrations are higher in women than in men because of estrogenic effects. Am J Clin Nutr. 2004; 80(5):1167-74.
9. Burdge GC, et al. Eicosapentaenoic and docosapentaenoic acids are the principal products of alpha-linolenic acid metabolism in young men*. Br J Nutr. 2002; 88(4):355-63.
10. Burdge GC, et al. Conversion of alpha-linolenic acid to eicosapentaenoic, docosapentaenoic and docosahexaenoic acids in young women. Br J Nutr. 2002; 88(4):411-20.
11. Linus Pauling Institute. Oregon State University. Essential Fatty Acids. Date Accessed: 11/08/2020 [Available from: https://lpi.oregonstate.edu/mic/other-nutrients/essential-fatty-acids].
12. Gerster H. Can adults adequately convert alpha-linolenic acid (18:3n-3) to eicosapentaenoic acid (20:5n-3) and docosahexaenoic acid (22:6n-3)? International journal for vitamin and nutrition research Internationale Zeitschrift fur Vitamin- und Ernahrungsforschung Journal international de vitaminologie et de nutrition. 1998; 68(3):159-73.
13. Welch AA, et al. Dietary intake and status of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids in a population of fish-eating and non-fish-eating meat-eaters, vegetarians, and vegans and the product-precursor ratio [corrected] of alpha-linolenic acid to long-chain n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids: results from the EPIC-Norfolk cohort. Am J Clin Nutr. 2010; 92(5):1040-51.
14. Daniells S. NUTRAingredients-usa. Omega-3: ALA intakes enough for EPA/DPA levels for non-fish eaters? Date Accessed: 11/08/20 [Available from: https://www.nutraingredients-usa.com/Article/2010/11/08/Omega-3-ALA-intakes-enough-for-EPA-DPA-levels-for-non-fish-eaters?utm_source=copyright&utm_medium=OnSite&utm_campaign=copyright].
15. Gerster H. Can adults adequately convert alpha-linolenic acid (18:3n-3) to eicosapentaenoic acid (20:5n-3) and docosahexaenoic acid (22:6n-3)? Int J Vitam Nutr Res. 1998; 68(3):159-73.
16. Davis BC, et al. Achieving optimal essential fatty acid status in vegetarians: current knowledge and practical implications. The American journal of clinical nutrition. 2003; 78(3 Suppl):640s-6s.
17. Nutrition SACo. Advice on fish consumption: benefits & risks. United Kingdom; 2004.